|
End of Life Online Curriculum - Modules
|
|
Dyspnea:
How to Assess and Palliate Dyspnea (Air-Hunger)
|
|
|
Receptors, Afferent Inputs and Sensation of Dyspnea
Stimuli |
Receptors |
Locations |
Clinical
Conditions |
Quality
of Dyspnea |
Chemoreceptors |
| Changes
in CSF pH |
Central
Chemoreceptors |
Brain
Stem (Medulla) |
c |
Air
Hunger |
| Changes in pO2, pCO2 |
Peripheral
Chemoreceptors |
Carotid
and Aortic bodies |
CHF |
|
Mechanoreceptors |
| Stretch
Lung Inflation |
Pulmonary
Stretch Receptors |
Pulmonary
Alveoli |
__
|
Chest
Tightness Suffocation |
| Tactile Stimulation
Air Flow Rate
Bronchial Muscle tone
|
Pulmonary
Irritant Receptors |
Bronchial
Epithelium |
Asthma
|
| Pulmonary
Interstitial & Capillary Pressure |
C
Fibers (J - Juxta capillary Receptors) |
Interstitium
Capillaries |
CHF,
COPD, Pulmonary Vascular Diseases e.g., PE |
| Mechanical
(movement, length & tension change) |
Muscle
Spindles |
Intercostal
Muscles |
COPD,
Asthma, ILD Neuromuscular diseases |
Increased
Sense of Effort |
| Mechanical
(force of contraction) |
Tendon
Organs |
Diaphragm |
__
|
| Mechanical
(chest wall movement & timing) |
Proprioceptors |
Joints
and Tendons |
__
|
|
|
| Top |
|
|
|
©End
of Life Curriculum Project, a joint project of the US Veterans Administration
and SUMMIT,
Stanford University Medical School.
Funded by a grant to the Veterans
Administration Nationwide Palliative Care Network by
the National Library of Medicine. VJ Periyakoil, MD, Director.
|
